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Evokation
  
 
Index
  

 

A

MAZE

IN

ZAZAZA ENTER ZAZAZA

ZAZAZAZAZAZAZAAZAZAZAZAZAZAZ

ZAZAZAZAZAZAZAZAZAAZAZAZAZAZAZAZAZAZ

THE

MAGIKALALPHABET

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262625242322212019181716151413121110987654321

 

 

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
                 
                 
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
1+0 1+1
1+2
1+3
1+4
1+5
1+6
1+7
1+8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
                 
                 
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
I
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
9
1+9 2+0 2+1 2+2 2+3 2+4 2+5 2+6
ME
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
                 
                 
I
ME
I
ME
I
ME
I
ME
1
9
18
9
18
9
18
9
18
9
 
1+8
  
1+8
  
1+8
  
1+8
  
 
9
  
9
  
9
  
9
  
I
ME
I
ME
I
ME
I
ME
1
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
I
ME
I
ME
I
ME
I
ME
1

 

 

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
                  1+0 1+1 1+2 1+3 1+4 1+5 1+6 1+7 1+8 1+9 2+0 2+1 2+2 2+3 2+4 2+5 2+6
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
                                                   
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z

 

 

HISTORY OF GOD

Karen Armstrong 1993

The God of the Mystics

THE

BOOK OF CREATION

Page 250

"THERE IS NO ATTEMPT MADE TO DESCRIBE THE CREATIVE PROCESS REALISTICALLY

THE ACCOUNT IS UNASHAMEDLY SYMBOLIC AND SHOWS GOD CREATING THE WORLD BY MEANS

OF LANGUAGE AS THOUGH HE WERE WRITING A BOOK BUT LANGUAGE HAS BEEN ENTIRELY

TRANSFORMED AND THE MESSAGE OF CREATION IS NO LONGER CLEAR EACH LETTER OF THE

HEBREW ALPHABET IS GIVEN A NUMERICAL VALUE BY COMBINING THE LETTERS WITH THE

SACRED NUMBERS REARRANGING THEM IN ENDLESS CONFIGURATIONS THE MYSTIC WEANED

THE MIND AWAY ROM THE NORMAL CONNOTATIONS OF WORDS"

 

 

3
THE
33
15
6
7
MAGICAL
46
28
1
8
ALPHABET
65
29
2
18
Add to Reduce
144
72
9
1+8
Reduce to Deduce
1+4+4
7+2
-
9
Essence of Number
9
9
9

 

 

-
18
T
H
E
M
A
G
I
C
A
L
-
A
L
P
H
A
B
E
T
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
8
-
-
-
-
9
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
8
-
-
-
-
+
=
25
2+5
=
7
=
7
=
7
-
18
T
H
E
M
A
G
I
C
A
L
-
A
L
P
H
A
B
E
T
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
5
4
1
7
-
3
1
3
-
1
3
7
-
1
2
5
2
+
=
47
4+7
=
11
1+1
2
=
2
-
-
20
-
5
13
1
7
-
3
1
12
-
1
12
16
-
1
2
5
20
+
=
119
1+1+9
=
11
1+1
2
=
2
-
18
T
H
E
M
A
G
I
C
A
L
-
A
L
P
H
A
B
E
T
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
20
8
5
13
1
7
9
3
1
12
-
1
12
16
8
1
2
5
20
+
=
144
1+4+4
=
9
=
9
=
9
-
-
2
8
5
4
1
7
9
3
1
3
-
1
3
7
8
1
2
5
2
+
=
72
7+2
=
9
=
9
=
9
-
18
T
H
E
M
A
G
I
C
A
L
-
A
L
P
H
A
B
E
T
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
1
-
-
1
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
1
occurs
x
4
=
4
=
4
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
2
-
-
2
occurs
x
3
=
6
=
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
--
-
-
-
3
-
3
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
occurs
x
3
=
9
=
9
-
-
-
-
-
-
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4
occurs
x
1
=
4
=
4
-
-
-
-
5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
5
-
-
-
5
occurs
x
2
=
10
1+0
1
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
6
SIX
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
7
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
7
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
7
occurs
x
2
=
14
1+4
5
-
-
-
8
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
8
-
-
-
-
-
-
8
occurs
x
2
=
16
1+6
7
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
9
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
9
occurs
x
1
=
9
=
9
6
18
T
H
E
M
A
G
I
C
A
L
-
A
L
P
H
A
B
E
T
-
-
39
-
-
18
-
72
-
45
-
1+8
-
-
-
-
--
-
-
9
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3+9
-
-
1+8
-
7+2
-
4+5
6
9
T
H
E
M
A
G
I
C
A
L
-
A
L
P
H
A
B
E
T
-
-
12
-
-
9
-
9
-
9
-
-
-
-
-
-
--
-
-
9
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1+2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
6
9
T
H
E
M
A
G
I
C
A
L
-
A
L
P
H
A
B
E
T
-
-
3
-
-
9
-
9
-
9

 

 

9
LANGUAGES
87
33
6
3
AND
19
10
1
7
NUMBERS
92
29
2
19
First Total
198
72
9
1+9
Add to Reduce
1+9+8
7+2
-
10
Second Total
18
9
9
1+0
Reduce to Deduce
1+8
-
-
1
Essence of Number
9
9
9

 

 

-
19
L
A
N
G
U
A
G
E
S
-
A
N
D
-
N
U
M
B
E
R
S
-
-
-
-
-
--
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
5
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
5
-
-
5
-
-
-
-
-
1
+
=
17
1+7
=
8
=
8
=
8
-
-
-
-
14
-
-
-
-
-
19
-
-
14
-
-
14
-
-
-
-
-
19
+
=
80
8+0
=
8
=
8
=
8
-
19
L
A
N
G
U
A
G
E
S
-
A
N
D
-
N
U
M
B
E
R
S
-
-
-
-
-
--
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
1
-
7
3
1
7
5
-
-
1
-
4
-
-
3
4
2
5
9
-
+
=
55
5+5
=
10
1+0
1
=
1
-
-
12
1
-
7
21
1
7
5
-
-
1
-
4
-
-
21
13
2
5
18
-
+
=
118
1+1+8
=
10
1+0
1
=
1
-
19
L
A
N
G
U
A
G
E
S
-
A
N
D
-
N
U
M
B
E
R
S
-
-
-
-
-
--
-
-
-
-
-
-
12
1
14
7
21
1
7
5
19
-
1
14
4
-
14
21
13
2
5
18
19
+
=
198
1+9+8
=
18
1+8
9
=
9
-
-
3
1
5
7
3
1
7
5
1
-
1
5
4
-
5
3
4
2
5
9
1
+
=
72
7+2
=
9
=
9
=
9
-
19
L
A
N
G
U
A
G
E
S
-
A
N
D
-
N
U
M
B
E
R
S
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
1
-
-
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
1
occurs
x
5
=
5
=
5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
2
occurs
x
1
=
2
=
2
-
-
3
-
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
occurs
x
3
=
9
=
9
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4
-
-
-
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
4
occurs
x
2
=
8
=
8
-
-
-
5
-
-
-
-
5
-
-
-
5
-
-
5
-
-
-
5
-
-
-
-
5
occurs
x
5
=
25
2+5
7
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
7
-
-
7
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
7
occurs
x
2
=
14
1+4
5
8
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
8
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
9
-
-
-
9
occurs
x
1
=
9
=
9
14
19
L
A
N
G
U
A
G
E
S
-
A
N
D
-
N
U
M
B
E
R
S
-
-
31
-
-
19
-
72
-
45
1+4
10
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
9
-
-
-
3+1
-
-
10
-
7+2
-
4+5
5
1
L
A
N
G
U
A
G
E
S
-
A
N
D
-
N
U
M
B
E
R
S
-
-
4
-
-
1
-
9
-
9

 

 

8
LANGUAGE
68
32
5
3
AND
19
10
1
6
NUMBER
73
28
1
17
Add to Reduce
160
70
7
1+7
Reduce to Deduce
1+6+0
7+0
-
8
Essence of Number
7
7
7

 

 

THERE IS NO ATTEMPT MADE TO DESCRIBE THE CREATIVE PROCESS REALISTICALLY

THE ACCOUNT IS SYMBOLIC AND SHOWS GOD CREATING THE WORLD BY MEANS OF LANGUAGE

AS THOUGH WRITING A BOOK BUT LANGUAGE ENTIRELY TRANSFORMED

THE MESSAGE OF CREATION IS CLEAR EACH LETTER OF

THE

ALPHABET

IS

GIVEN

A

NUMERICAL

VALUE BY COMBINING THE LETTERS WITH THE SACRED NUMBERS

REARRANGING THEM IN ENDLESS CONFIGURATIONS

THE MYSTIC WEANED THE MIND AWAY FROM THE NORMAL CONNOTATIONS OF WORDS

 

 

MOHAMMED

PEACE BE UPON HIM

 

-
8
M
O
H
A
M
M
E
D
-
-
-
-
-
--
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
6
8
-
-
-
-
-
+
=
14
1+4
=
5
=
5
=
5
-
`-
-
15
8
-
-
-
-
-
+
=
23
2+3
=
5
=
5
=
5
-
8
M
O
H
A
M
M
E
D
-
-
-
-
-
--
-
-
-
-
-
-
4
-
-
1
4
4
5
4
+
=
22
2+2
=
4
=
4
=
4
-
`-
13
-
-
1
13
13
5
4
+
=
49
4+9
=
13
1+3
4
=
4
-
8
M
O
H
A
M
M
E
D
-
-
-
-
-
--
-
-
-
-
-
`-
13
15
8
1
13
13
5
4
+
=
72
7+2
=
9
=
9
=
9
-
-
4
6
8
1
4
4
5
4
+
=
36
3+6
=
9
=
9
=
9
-
8
M
O
H
A
M
M
E
D
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
--
-
1
occurs
x
1
=
1
=
1
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4
-
-
-
4
4
-
4
-
-
4
occurs
x
4
=
16
1+6
7
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
5
-
-
-
5
occurs
x
1
=
5
=
5
-
-
-
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
--
-
6
occurs
x
1
=
6
=
6
7
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
7
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
8
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
8
occurs
x
1
=
8
=
8
9
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
9
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
21
8
M
O
H
A
M
M
E
D
-
-
24
-
-
8
-
36
-
27
2+1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2+4
-
-
-
-
3+6
-
2+7
3
8
M
O
H
A
M
M
E
D
-
-
6
-
-
8
-
9
-
9

 

 

8
THE MOTUL
the
-
-
-
THE
33
15
6
-
MOTUL
81
18
9
8
THE MOTUL
114
33
15
-
-
1+1+4
3+3
1+5
8
THE MOTUL
6
6
6

 

 

11
CHILLAM BALAM
-
-
-
-
CHILAM
46
28
1
-
BALAM
29
11
2
11
CHILAM BALAM
75
39
3
1+1
-
7+5
3+9
-
2
CHILAM BALAM
12
12
3
-
-
1+2
1+2
-
2
CHILAM BALAM
3
3
3

 

 

3
THE
33
15
6
4
MIND
40
22
4
6
MATTER
77
23
5
9
CONTINUUM
130
40
4
22
First Total
190
100
19
2+2
Add to Reduce
1+9+0
1+0+0
1+9
4
Second Total
10
1
10
-
Reduce to Deduce
1+0
-
1+0
4
Essence of Number
1
1
1

 

 

11
HIPPOCRATES
130
58
4

 

 

3
SUB
42
15
6
6
ATOMIC
61
25
7
9
PARTICLES
103
40
4
18
Add to Reduce
206
80
17
1+8
Reduce to Deduce
2+0+6
8+0
1+7
9
Essence of Number
8
8
8

 

 

9
EMERGENCY
      
-
E+M
18
9
9
-
E
5
5
5
-
R
18
9
9
-
G+E+N+C+Y
54
27
9
9
EMERGENCY
95
50
32
-
-
9+5
5+0
3+2
9
EMERGENCY
14
5
5
-
-
1+4
-
-
9
EMERGENCY
5
5
5

 

 

11
EMERGENCIES
103
58
4
6
EMERGE
53
35
8
7
EMERGES
72
36
9

 

 

8
CEMETERY
      
-
C
3
3
3
-
E+M
18
9
9
-
E+T+E
30
12
3
-
R
18
9
9
-
Y
25
7
7
8
CEMETERY
94
40
31
-
-
9+4
4+0
3+1
8
CEMETERY
13
4
4
-
-
1+3
-
-
8
CEMETERY
4
4
4

 

 

8
COHERENT
88
43
7
9
COHERENCE
76
49
4
- - - - -
- - - - -
8
CORRIDOR
91
55
1
9
CORRIDORS
110
56
2

 

 

14
JOHANNES KEPLER
-
-
-
-
JOHANNES
86
32
5
-
KEPLER
67
31
4
14
JOHANNES KEPLER
153
63
9
1+4
-
1+5+3
6+3
-
5
JOHANNES KEPLER
9
9
9

 

 

3
THE
33
15
6
7
ESSENCE
70
25
7
2
OF
21
12
3
4
MAAT
35
8
8
16
First Total
159
60
24
1+6
Add to Reduce
1+5+9
6+0
2+4
7
Second Total
15
6
6
-
Reduce to Deduce
1+5
-
-
7
Essence of Number
6
6
6

 

 

4
LENT
51
15
6
2
RE
23
14
5
6
RELENT
74
29
2

 

 

8
MIRRORED
100
55
1
6
DOUBLE
59
23
5
14
First Total
159
78
6
1+4
Add to Reduce
1+5+9
7+8
-
5
Second Total
15
15
6
-
Reduce to Deduce
1+5
1+5
-
5
Essence of Number
6
6
6

 

 

6
MIRROR
91
46
1
6
DOUBLE
59
23
5
12
First Total
150
69
6
1+2
Add to Reduce
1+5+0
6+9
-
3
Second Total
6
15
6
-
Reduce to Deduce
-
1+5
-
3
Essence of Number
6
6
6

 

 

6
MIRROR
91
46
1
8
OPPOSITE
115
43
7
14
First Total
206
89
8
1+4
Add to Reduce
2+0+6
8+9
-
5
Second Total
8
17
8
-
Reduce to Deduce
-
1+7
-
5
Essence of Number
8
8
8

 

 

8
MIRRORED
100
55
1
9
OPPOSITES
134
44
8
17
First Total
234
99
9
1+7
Add to Reduce
2+3+4
9+9
-
8
Second Total
9
18
9
-
Reduce to Deduce
-
1+8
-
8
Essence of Number
9
9
9

 

 

8
POSITIVE
115
43
7
7
NEUTRAL
91
28
1
8
NEGATIVE
83
38
2
23
First Total
289
109
10
2+3
Add to Reduce
2+8+9
1+0+9
1+0
5
Second Total
19
10
1
-
Reduce to Deduce
1+9
1+0
1+0
5
Third Total
10
1
1
-
Reduce to Deduce
1+0
1
-
5
Essence of Number
1
1
1

 

 

1
R
18
9
9
2
RA
19
10
1
4
ATUM
55
10
1

 

 

4
ATUM
55
10
1
4
ATOM
49
13
4
8
Add to Reduce
104
23
5
-
Reduce to Deduce
1+0+4
2+3
-
8
Essence of Number
5
5
5

 

 

5
MANNA
      
-
M+A
14
5
5
-
N
14
5
5
-
N
14
5
5
-
A
1
1
1
5
MANNA
43
16
16
-
-
4+3
1+6
1+6
5
MANNA
7
7
7

 

 

7
MANETHO
76
31
4
2
OF
21
12
3
10
SEBENNYTUS
144
36
9
19
First Total
241
79
16
1+9
Add to Reduce
2+4+1
7+9
1+6
10
Second Total
7
16
7
1+0
Reduce to Deduce
-
1+6
-
1
Essence of Number
7
7
7

 

 

13
CONSTELLATION
159
51
6
2
OF
21
12
3
3
THE
33
15
6
3
DOG
26
17
8
21
First Total
239
95
23
2+1
Add to Reduce
2+3+9
9+5
2+3
3
Second Total
14
14
5
-
Reduce to Deduce
1+4
1+4
-
3
Essence of Number
5
5
5

 

 

6
SIRIUS
95
32
5
5
CANIS
46
19
1
5
MAJOR
57
21
3
16
First Total
198
72
9
1+6
Add to Reduce
1+9+8
7+2
-
7
Second Total
18
9
9
-
Reduce to Deduce
1+8
-
-
7
Essence of Number
9
9
9

 

 

5
E
G
Y
P
T
-
-
-
-
-
--
-
5
-
-
-
2
+
=
7
-
=
7
-
-
7
7
7
-
+
=
21
2+1
=
3
5
E
G
Y
P
T
-
-
-
-
-
-

 

 

10
THE DOG STAR
117
45
9
10
THE GOD STAR
117
45
9
10
THE STAR GOD
117
45
9

 

 

-
5
E
G
Y
P
T
-
-
-
-
-
--
-
-
-
-
-
-
5
7
25
16
20
+
=
73
7+3
=
10
1+0
1
=
1
-
-
5
7
7
7
2
+
=
28
2+8
=
10
1+0
1
=
1
-
5
E
G
Y
P
T
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
--
--
--
--
--
--
1
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-
-
 -
-
-
-
2
-
-
2
occurs
x
1
=
2
=
2
3
-
-
--
--
--
--
--
--
3
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
4
-
-
--
--
--
--
--
--
4
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-
-
5
-
-
-
-
-
-
5
occurs
x
1
=
5
=
5
6
-
-
--
--
--
--
--
--
6
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-
-
 -
7
7
7
-
-
-
7
occurs
x
3
=
21
2+1
3
8
-
-
--
--
--
--
--
--
8
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
9
-
-
--
--
--
--
--
--
9
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
31
5
E
G
Y
P
T
-
-
14
-
-
5
-
28
-
10
3+1
-
 -
-
-
-
-
-
-
1+4
-
-
-
-
2+8
-
1+0
4
5
E
G
Y
P
T
-
-
5
-
-
5
-
10
-
1
-
-
 -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1+0
-
-
4
5
E
G
Y
P
T
-
-
5
-
-
5
-
1
-
1

 

 

5
E
G
Y
P
T
-
-
-
-
--
-
-
-
5
7
7
7
2
+
=
28
2+8
10
1+0
1
5
E
G
Y
P
T
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
5
-
-
-
2
-
-
7
=
7
=
7
-
 -
7
7
7
-
-
-
21
2+1
3
=
3
5
E
G
Y
P
T
-
-
28
-
10
-
10
-
 -
-
-
-
-
-
-
2+8
-
1+0
-
1+0
5
E
G
Y
P
T
-
-
10
-
1
-
1
-
 -
-
-
-
-
-
-
1+0
-
-
-
-
5
E
G
Y
P
T
-
-
1
-
1
-
1

 

 

LIGHT AND LIFE

Lars Olof Bjorn 1976

Page 197

"By writing the 26 letters of the alphabet in a certain order one may put down almost any message (this book 'is written with the same letters' as the Encyclopaedia Britannica and Winnie the Pooh, only the order of the letters differs). In the same way Nature is able to convey with her language how a cell and a whole organism is to be constructed and how it is to function. Nature has succeeded better than we hum~ns; for the genetic code there is only one universal language which is the same in a man, a bean plant and a bacterium. By writing the 26 letters of the alphabet in a certain order one may put down almost any message

"BY WRITING THE 26 LETTERS OF THE ALPHABET IN A CERTAIN ORDER

ONE MAY PUT DOWN ALMOST ANY MESSAGE"

 

 

THE USBORNE BOOK OF

FACTS AND LISTS

Lynn Bressler (no date)

Page 82

10 most spoken languages
Chinese 700,000,000 English 400,000,000 Russian 265,000,000 Spanish 240,000,000 Hindustani 230,000,000 Arabic 146,000,000 Portuguese 145,000,000 Bengali 144,000,000 German 119,000,000 Japanese 116,000,000

The first alphabet
The Phoenicians, who once lived where Syria, Jordan and Lebanon are today, had an alphabet of 29 letters as early as 1,700 BC. It was adopted by the Greeks and the Romans. Through the Romans, who went on to conquer most of Europe, it became the alphabet of Western countries.

Sounds strange
One tribe of Mexican Indians hold entire conversations just by whistling. The different pitches provide meaning.

The Rosetta Stone
 The Rosetta Stone was found by Napoleon in the sands of Egypt. It dates to about 196 BC.
On it is an inscription in hieroglyphics and a translation in Greek. , Because scholars knew ancient Greek, they could work out what the Egyptian hieroglyphics meant. From this they learned the language of the ancient Egyptians.

Did You KnowMany Chinese cannot understand each other. They have different ways of speaking (called dialects) in different
parts of the country. But today in schools allover China, the children are being taught one dialect (Mandarin), so that one day all Chinese will understand each other.

Translating computers
Computers can be used to help people of different nationalities, who do not know each others' language, talk to each other. By giving a computer a message in one language it will translate it into another specified language.

Worldwide language
English is spoken either as a first or second language in at least 45 countries. This is more than any other language. It is the language of international business and scientific conferences and is used by airtraffic controllers worldwide. In all, about one third of the world speaks it.

Page 83

Earliest writing Chinese writing has been found on pottery, and even on a tortoise shell, going back 6,000 years. Pictures made the basis for their writing, each picture showing an object or idea. Probably the earliest form of writing came from the Middle East, where Iraq and Iran are now. This region was then ruled by the Sumerians.

The most words

English has more words in it than any other language. There are about1 million in all, a third of which are technical terms. Most
people only use about 1 per cent of the words available, that is, about 10,000. William Shakespeare is reputed to have made most use of the English vocabulary.

A scientific word describing a process in the human cell is 207,000 letters long. This makes this single word equal in length to a short novel or about 80 typed sheets of A4 paper.

Many tongues
A Frenchman, named Georges Henri Schmidt, is fluent (meaning he reads and writes well) in 31 different languages.

International language
Esperanto was invented in the 1880s by a Pole, Dr Zamenhof. It was hoped that it would become the international language of Europe. It took words from many European countries and has a very easy grammar that can be learned in an hour or two.
The same language

The languages of India and Europe may originally come from just one source. Many words in different languages sound similar. For example, the word for King in Latin is Rex, in Indian, Raj, in Italian Re, in French Roi and in Spanish Rey. The original language has been named Indo-European. Basque, spoken in the French and Spanish Pyrenees, is an exception. It seems to have a different source which is still unknown.

Number of alphabets
There are 65 alphabets in use in the world today. Here are some of them: Roman
ABCDEFGHUKLMNOPQRS Greek  Russian (Cyrillic) Hebrew  Chinese (examples omitted)

 

 

Daily Mail, Monday, December 21, 2015

Page 45

ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS
Charles Legge.

QUESTION If E is the most used letter of our alphabet, in what order of usage are the remaining 25 letters?

CODEBREAKERS are especially interested in frequency analysis. The most basic encryption text is achieved by simply replacing one letter by another. So to decipher such an encryption, it's useful to get a frequency count of all the letters. The most frequent letter might represent the most common letter in English, E followed by T, A, 0 and I. The least frequent are Q, Z and X.
Common percentages in standard Englist are: e 12.7, t 9.1, a 8.2, o 7.5, i 7.0, n 6.7, s 6.3 h 6.1, r 6.0, d 4.3, I 4.0, u 2.8, c 2.8, m 2.4, IA 2.4, f 2.2, y 2.0, g 2.0, p 1.9, b 1.5, v 1.0, k 0.8 x 0.2, j 0.2, q 0.1, z 0.1. The top 12 letter: constitute about 80 per cent of the total usage. The top eight letters constitute about 65 per cent of total use.
Codebreakers also look for common pairings, for example the consonants TE and vowels EA. Other pairings are OF, TO IN, IT, IS, BE, AS, AT, SO, WE, HE, BY, OR ON, DO, IF, ME, MY, UP. Common pairs of repeated letters are SS, EE, TT, FF, LL MM and 00. Common triplets are THE EST, FOR, AND, HIS, ENT and THA. The use of letter frequencies and frequency analysis plays a fundamental role in cryptograms and word puzzle games such as Hangman and Scrabble. An example of applying the knowledge of English letter frequency to solving cryptogram is found in Edgar Allan Poe's famous story The Gold-Bug, where the method is successfully applied to decipher a message instructing on the whereabouts of a treasure hidden by Captain Kidd.
A. D. Butler Warraigion, Cheshire.

 

 

DAILY MAIL

Monday, October 8, 2007

Harry Bingham

Page 15

"YOU SAY POTATO, I SAY GHOUGHBTEIGHPTEAU !"

"...Yes you CAN spell potato like that. It's one of the amazing quirks which make English the world's dominant language

 

"ABOUT three years ago I started researching a book, This Little Britain, about the various ways in which we Brits have a history .
of being the exception.
In areas such as law, government, economics, agriculture and science, we've often been a uniquely British exception to a general European rule.
Ditto, in such things as men's fashion, Victorian sewers, drunken yobbishness, and - not least - in the whole area of language and literature.
Take spellings. George Bernard Shaw famously commented that English spelling would allow you to write the word 'fish' as 'ghoti' - and it would sound the same (in the latter, the sound 'f' would be from 'gh', as in 'rough'; 'i' would be from 'o' in 'women' and 'sh' as in 'ti' from 'nation').
But he couldn't have been trying all that hard, if that was the best example he came up with. How about 'potato' as in
'ghoughbteighpteau'? That's the sound 'p' as in hiccough, 'o' as in though, 't' as in debt, 'a' as in neighbour, 't' as in ptomaine, 'o' as in bureau. The fact is that with just 26 letters and 48 different sounds to cope with, there were always going to be problems. :
Throw in other pronunciation changes and an appetite for foreign borrowings, and it's no surprise that English has some of the most dangerously unpredictable spellings in the world.
If our spellings are painful, however, our grammar has its blessedly simple side. French nouns are either masculine or feminine; French verbs vary with every puff of the syntactical breeze.
But French is a pretty simple language. Italian has 50 different forms for every verb, ancient Greek more than 300, modern Turkish an eye popping two million. English, by contrast, has just four verb forms (bark, barks, barking, barked), two noun forms (dog, dogs), and just one adjectival form (snappy), thus making our language about the least inflected in the world.
If that's a curious fact, the reason why is perhaps odder still. Back in Alfred the Great's England, two language communities - English and Danish - inter­mingled. Each community could make out the basic words of the other language.

FOR example, the word 'horse' is 'hors' in Old English, 'hossit' in Old Norse. But all those tricksy little word endings would have made no sense at all. So they began to vanish.
Under pressure of trade, friendship and intermarriage, our ancient ancestors did away with inflections almost completely. Confusing at the time, no doubt, but a blessing for those who need to learn the language today.
And there are plenty of people learning it, of course. With about one-and a-half billion non-native speakers, English has become the world's own language - one that accounts for two-thirds of internet content, and a still larger proportion of the world's scientific and technical journals.
It's sometimes suggested that English has achieved its leadership because it's thelanguage of Shakespeare, . because of its unique and beautiful literature.
That's nonsense, of course. English dominates because the British Isles exported English speakers and gunboats in the 19th century, and because America exported Hollywood, GIs and hamburgers in the 20th.
If those Mayflower settlers had chanced to speak Ubykh (a Caucasian language with 81 consonants and 'three vowels) or Rotokas (a Papua New Guinea language with just six consonants and five vowels), the world would most likely be speaking those fine languages today.
Such dominance has its down­side, of course. There are now about 6,800 languages left in the world, compared with perhaps twice that number back at the dawn of agriculture. The remaining languages are now dying at the rate of about one a fortnight.
English is big in other ways too. If you wanted to learn all the words in the Oxford English Dictionary, you'd have to deal with about 500,000 of them (ending with zyxt, a splendid last word by any standards and an archaic Kentish term for thou seest).
Having done that, you'd probably be a bit taken aback to learn the equivalent American dictionary, Webster's, offers a further 450,000 words or so, of which only about half are to be found in the OED, suggesting a pooled total word count of about 750,000.
But there are lots of words that never get in to either dictionary. Flora and fauna are mostly out. So are most acronyms, slang and dialect. Total that lot up and you'd get to a million or so. Next, you'd need to deal with scientific and technological terms, adding another million or so words.
Otherlanguages-can't keep up. The official dictionary-based word count of German is fewer than 200,000. The French word­count is fewer than 100,000. The scale of our vocabulary is impossible to explain, except by recognising that English users are reckless adopters and inventors.
In the cultural realm, however, mere size is hardly likely to impress. In tenus of Nobel Prizes for literature, the United Kingdom trots home in the bronze medal position (beaten by gold­medallist France, and the silver­gong-holder, the US.).
If, on the other hand, you were looking at the total amount of literatureproduced by the British Isles then we would come in level with France, with 13 prizes.

BUT perhaps that's to measure things the wrong way. If you look at Nobel Prizes by language, then English wins by a country mile 26 laureates vs 13 for France).

More to the point, the Nobel Prize Committee is just that: a committee. Wouldn't it be better to let the world's reading public determine which literature it favours? Alas, there are no reliable global sales figures available.
We do, however, have an index of which authors have written the most translated books. British authors romp home in four of the top five places: Agatha Christie in first, then Enid Blyton, Shakespeare and Barbara Cartland in third to fifth. (The one interloper, Frenchman Jules Verne, is in second place.)
Looking more broadly, British authors dominate the top 40, with some 14 authors on the list, compared with 11 for the United States, and 15 for the entire rest of the world put together.
The obvious conclusion: that we Brits have some natural affinity for words and literature, the way that the Germans 'do' music, or the French 'do' visual art.
Such things run both deep and ancient. The vernacular literature of Alfred the Great's England was the most developed in Europe. It's perhaps not surprising that the same is arguably still true today."

 

"YOU SAY POTATO, I SAY GHOUGHBTEIGHPTEAU !"

 

 

-
-
-
-
-

DICTIONARY
-
-
-
-
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
D
=
4
1
1
D
4
4
4
-
-
-
-
4
-
-
-
8
-
I
=
9
2
1
I
9
9
9
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
8
9
C
=
3
3
1
C
3
3
3
-
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
8
-
T
=
2
4
1
T
20
2
2
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
8
-
I
=
9
5
1
I
9
9
9
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
8
9
O
=
6
6
1
O
15
6
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
6
-
8
-
N
=
5
7
1
N
14
5
5
-
-
-
-
-
5
-
-
8
-
A
=
1
8
1
A
1
1
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
8
-
R
=
9
9
1
R
18
9
9
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
8
9
Y
=
7
10
1
Y
25
7
7
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
7
8
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
D
=
4
-
10
DICTIONARY
118
55
55
-
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
27
-
-
-
-
1+0
-
1+1+8
5+5
5+5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2+7
D
=
4
-
1
DICTIONARY
10
10
10
-
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
-
-
-
-
-
-
1+0
1+0
1+0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
D
=
4
-
1
DICTIONARY
1
1
1
-
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

 

 

-
-
-
-
-

DICTIONARY
-
-
-
-
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
A
=
1
8
1
A
1
1
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
8
-
T
=
2
4
1
T
20
2
2
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
8
-
C
=
3
3
1
C
3
3
3
-
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
8
-
D
=
4
1
1
D
4
4
4
-
-
-
-
4
-
-
-
8
-
N
=
5
7
1
N
14
5
5
-
-
-
-
-
5
-
-
8
-
O
=
6
6
1
O
15
6
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
6
-
8
-
Y
=
7
10
1
Y
25
7
7
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
7
8
-
I
=
9
2
1
I
9
9
9
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
8
9
I
=
9
5
1
I
9
9
9
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
8
9
R
=
9
9
1
R
18
9
9
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
8
9
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
D
=
4
-
10
DICTIONARY
118
55
55
-
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
27
-
-
-
-
1+0
-
1+1+8
5+5
5+5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2+7
D
=
4
-
1
DICTIONARY
10
10
10
-
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
-
-
-
-
-
-
1+0
1+0
1+0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
D
=
4
-
1
DICTIONARY
1
1
1
-
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

 

LETTERS TRANSPOSED INTO NUMBER REARRANGED IN NUMERICAL ORDER

 

THE

DICTIONARY

 

-
-
-
-
-

THE DICTIONARY
-
-
-
-
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
T
=
2
1
1
T
20
2
2
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
H
=
8
2
1
H
8
8
8
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
8
-
E
=
5
3
1
E
5
5
5
-
-
-
-
-
5
-
-
-
-
-
-
15
-
3
-
33
15
15
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
D
=
4
4
1
D
4
4
4
-
-
-
-
4
-
-
-
-
-
I
=
9
5
1
I
9
9
9
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
9
C
=
3
6
1
C
3
3
3
-
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
T
=
2
7
1
T
20
2
2
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
I
=
9
8
1
I
9
9
9
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
9
O
=
6
9
1
O
15
6
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
6
-
-
-
N
=
5
10
1
N
14
5
5
-
-
-
-
-
5
-
-
-
-
A
=
1
11
1
A
1
1
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
R
=
9
12
1
R
18
9
9
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
9
Y
=
7
13
1
Y
25
7
7
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
7
-
-
-
-
55
-
10
-
118
55
55
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
13
THE DICTIONARY
151
70
70
-
1
4
3
4
10
6
7
8
27
-
-
-
-
1+3
-
1+5+1
7+0
7+0
-
-
-
-
-
1+0
-
-
-
2+7
-
-
-
-
4
THE DICTIONARY
7
7
7
-
1
4
3
4
1
6
7
8
9
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4
THE DICTIONARY
7
7
7
-
1
4
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

 

 

-
-
-
-
-

THE DICTIONARY
-
-
-
-
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
A
=
1
11
1
A
1
1
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
T
=
2
1
1
T
20
2
2
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
T
=
2
7
1
T
20
2
2
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
C
=
3
6
1
C
3
3
3
-
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
D
=
4
4
1
D
4
4
4
-
-
-
-
4
-
-
-
-
-
E
=
5
3
1
E
5
5
5
-
-
-
-
-
5
-
-
-
-
N
=
5
10
1
N
14
5
5
-
-
-
-
-
5
-
-
-
-
O
=
6
9
1
O
15
6
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
6
-
-
-
Y
=
7
13
1
Y
25
7
7
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
7
-
-
H
=
8
2
1
H
8
8
8
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
8
-
I
=
9
5
1
I
9
9
9
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
9
I
=
9
8
1
I
9
9
9
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
9
R
=
9
12
1
R
18
9
9
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
9
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
13
THE DICTIONARY
151
70
70
-
1
4
3
4
10
6
7
8
27
-
-
-
-
1+3
-
1+5+1
7+0
7+0
-
-
-
-
-
1+0
-
-
-
2+7
-
-
-
-
4
THE DICTIONARY
7
7
7
-
1
4
3
4
1
6
7
8
9
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4
THE DICTIONARY
7
7
7
-
1
4
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

 

LETTERS TRANSPOSED INTO NUMBER REARRANGED IN NUMERICAL ORDER

 

 
 
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